In first place I want to give credit and express my gratitude to Sergei Deyna, a brilliant Researcher from Russia. He has made a huge number of experiments in diverse areas of physics, and published many papers from which I have used some parts for posting in the forums with his kind permission.In this thread we will have a look on some basic concepts and principles of AU devices. It is well known from Newtons theory about termodynamics, that energy can not be created or destroyed. But it can be transformed in different forms, and it can be collected for our purposes. So if we want to understand, or replicate, or design such a machine, in first place we have to ask two key questions: 1.) Where does the surplus energy come from? 2.)How does this happen, what are the involved physical principles?
Let's take as an example a well known and accepted AU machine, the heat pump. I think most of you know about this device, which is widely implemented in refrigerators, heating systems, or reversible air-conditioning devices which can operate in both directions. It is well known by engineers, that a modern heat pump can have a COP up to 6( for heating systems with liquid medium temperature exchanger's) . That means for one unit electric power , six units of thermal energy can be obtained. Refrigerators use the very same system, but the obtained heat energy is just wasted without using it. For the first question it is quite obvious that the extra energy comes from the termal background energy of the environment (air,water,earth ). The second question is also not very difficult if someone has some basic information about termodynamics. Anyway a detailed analysis will help us for better understanding and give some inspiration for other less known and accepted machines. We have two main parameters, temperature and pressure. Under normal circumstances they will have proportional relationship, any increase in pressure will rise the temperature and vice versa. This relates to a closed system, which does not interchange Energy with the environment, and is also called an adiabatic process. To get a non adiabatic process, which is of our interest, some specific conditions have to be present. Of course the temperature exchangers on the hot and cold side are required in hardware, as well as a closed circuit filled with a medium. It can be any gas in our case, but for better performance special refrigerant is used, which will experience a change of its state of aggregate from gas to liquid and back, which increases the heat transfer by orders of magnitude. Then we need to create a difference of pressure inside the circuit, usually a compressor will provide the propulsion of the medium, and a release valve will help to divide the circuit into two zones of different pressure. A heat exchanger will be placed in in each zone of pressure. This setup produces a shift of phase between pressure and temperature, and this is what is making the process non adiabatic, and allows to transfer heat energy from a lower temperature level to a higher one, making possible all the before mentioned practical implementations of this devices. In order to be able to draw analogy to electric machines, the thread will continue ...