Magnetic Resonance - Discussion

My Friends,

Magnetic Resonance is a topic that warrants further discussion in my humble opinion!

We know, many before us, used the very same term:

• Alfred Hubbard
• Floyd Sweet
• Don Smith
• Akula0083 - Roman Karnaukhov

The Term: "Magnetic Resonance" has been linked to Electron Paramagnetic Resonance ( EPR ), or Electron Spin Resonance ( ESR ), however, perhaps the topic of Antenna Theory seems to be a definition that could be easier be fitted to this topic?

If you throw Alfred Hubbard paper: "Hubbard-Coil" into AI, and ask for the Definition of Magnetic Resonance, you will get:

What is “Magnetic Resonance” in the context of the Hubbard Coil / Hubbard Generator documents?

In these specific documents (the 1919–1920s newspaper reports, the Rex Research compilation, and especially the 1980s–1990s Technidyne / Joseph Cater–inspired replications), the term magnetic resonance does not mean the same thing as NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance) or the everyday physics definition of resonance. Instead, it is a very specific, non-standard, and highly controversial concept used by Alfred Hubbard and later by Joseph Cater and his followers. Here is how it is defined and used throughout the documents:

Core definition of “Magnetic Resonance” in the Hubbard literature

Magnetic resonance is claimed to occur when:

1. A central primary coil and multiple surrounding secondary coils are wound and dimensioned according to very precise geometric ratios (especially the Golden Section / \(\phi \approx 1.618\), and multiples of 146–149 mm lengths).
2. An iron or steel core is inserted that is deliberately designed to saturate magnetically.
3. The coil assembly is excited at one of its calculated “natural magnetic resonance frequencies” (typically in the low RF range: 5–22 kHz in the documents, or 2.8 GHz in one later theoretical note).
4. At the exact resonance frequency, the iron core is said to enter a state where the magnetic domains “flip” or “resonate” in such a way that the Barkhausen effect or other microscopic magnetic discontinuities are synchronised, dramatically lowering the hysteresis losses and allowing the secondary coils to extract far more energy than is apparently supplied to the primary.

In short: Magnetic resonance = the condition in which a saturated ferromagnetic core, surrounded by properly proportioned coils, is driven at a frequency that causes coherent, amplified re-emission of magnetic energy into the secondary windings, resulting in a large coefficient of performance (COP > 1).

Key quotes from the documents that define it

• Page 33 (the “Amplifying Transformer” page you photographed):
  “The natural magnetic resonance frequency: 2.8 GHz”
  Suggested lower-frequency harmonics: 5.340 Hz, 10.681 Hz, 21.362 Hz, etc.
  “The ideal ratio of the diameter of the center coil to the 8 smaller coils must be THE GOLDEN SECTION, i.e. the diameter of the small coils must be 30 mm.”
  → This is the classic Hubbard/Cater resonance geometry.
• Technidyne letter, 26 Nov 1992 (p. 4):
  “A radical departure from normal transformer operation occurs, however, when sinusoidal D.C. pulses, at low voltage and high frequency are sent into the primary windings of the Hubbard transformer/generator unit. Tests have shown that uniform D.C. pulses directed into a coil will increase the voltage output over that of a conventional straight wire.”
• Joseph Cater–influenced notes (1980s–90s):
  Repeated references to “magnetic inductive resonance” and “resonance of the iron itself,” claiming the iron core becomes a “pump” or “energy amplifier” when driven at the correct frequency and with the correct coil proportions.
• 1991 notes (p. 9 in some copies):
  “Since the induced EMF in the coil is directly proportional to the frequency of the AC current, it is advantageous to use a higher frequency than the normal 60 cycle AC. Something on the order of 120 cycles or more is suggested.”

How the Hubbard group claimed it worked

1. A low-power oscillator (originally a spark gap or later a solid-state pulsed DC oscillator) feeds the central primary coil.
2. Eight (or sometimes more) secondary coils are wound around smaller cores or in air, arranged symmetrically around the primary.
3. At the exact resonance frequency and with Golden-Section proportions, the collapsing magnetic field in the saturated iron core supposedly triggers a “non-linear” or “avalanche” release of energy that is picked up by the secondaries.
4. Measured output power is claimed to be 3–100 times the input power, depending on tuning precision.

Modern scientific view

Mainstream physics regards these claims as physically impossible under known laws:

• Energy amplification of this kind would violate conservation of energy.
• No independently replicated measurement of over-unity performance has ever been published in a peer-reviewed journal.
• The effects that were observed (if real) are now attributed to measurement error, hidden batteries, or simple high-Q resonant transformers operating at normal efficiency.

Summary

In the Hubbard Coil documents, “magnetic resonance” is a fringe term meaning a supposed energy-amplifying state achieved in a multi-coil, iron-core transformer when it is dimensioned to Golden-Section ratios and driven at one of its calculated natural frequencies (usually kHz-range harmonics of a theoretical 2.8 GHz fundamental). It is presented as the central mechanism that allowed Hubbard’s 1919–1920 device to allegedly produce kilowatts from watts, and it is the same principle that Joseph Cater and later replicators tried to recreate in the 1980s–90s.

Today it is universally regarded by the scientific community as a misunderstood or mistaken interpretation of ordinary resonant transformer behaviour.

If you throw Floyd Sweets paper: "Magnetic Resonance" into AI, and ask for the Definition of Magnetic Resonance, you will get:

According to the 4-page document “Magnetic Resonance” by Floyd A. Sweet, Ph.D. (the one restored by hyiq.org), Magnetic Resonance is defined in the strict, conventional physics sense — not as a source of “free energy” or over-unity, but as the well-established quantum-mechanical phenomenon known today as Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) or Electron Paramagnetic Resonance (EPR), and its nuclear counterpart Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR).

Here is exactly what Floyd Sweet says Magnetic Resonance is, using only the text and concepts that appear in this specific document:

Direct Definition from the Opening Paragraph (Page 1)

“Magnetic resonance is concerned with the interactions of some of the fields [magnetic moments of orbiting electrons, electron spin, and nuclear spin] with each other, and with at least two external magnetic fields applied to the atom.”

In other words:
Magnetic Resonance = the resonant absorption of electromagnetic energy by the magnetic moments (spins and orbits) of electrons or atomic nuclei when they are placed in a strong static magnetic field and then irradiated with a second, oscillating magnetic field at precisely the correct (resonant) radio-frequency.

Key Physical Mechanisms Described by Sweet

1. Electron magnetic moments arise from:
   • Orbital motion around the nucleus → orbital magnetic moment
   • Intrinsic spin of the electron → spin magnetic moment (exactly 1 Bohr magneton, \(\mu_B\))
2. Precession in an external magnetic field
   Just like a spinning top precesses in gravity, the electron’s magnetic moment vector precesses around the direction of an applied static magnetic field \(H\) at the Larmor precessional frequency.
3. Energy level splitting (Zeeman effect)
   In a magnetic field, the two possible spin states of an electron (spin up or spin down, \(m_s = \pm \frac{1}{2}\)) split in energy by
   \(\Delta E = g \mu_B H = h f\)
   → Resonant frequency \(f = \frac{g \mu_B H}{h} \approx\) 2.80 MHz per gauss (for a free electron, \(g \approx 2\))
   
   This is stated explicitly on page 3:
   “The EPR of a free electron is 2.80 H MC [Megacycles]. Where H is in gauss.”
4. Resonance condition
   When electromagnetic radiation of exactly this frequency (and correct polarization) is applied, electrons in the lower-energy state absorb a photon and flip to the higher-energy state. This is the essence of magnetic resonance absorption.
5. Nuclear magnetic resonance works identically but with the much smaller nuclear magneton (mass of proton instead of electron), so nuclear resonant frequencies are in the kHz–MHz range instead of GHz.

Sweet’s Explicit Reference to Over-Unity Claims (Page 3)

Sweet directly references the “Jensen machine” (a claimed over-unity magnetic resonance device) and its stated “natural magnetic resonance frequency = 2.80 GHz”.

He then clarifies:

• 2.80 GHz would only be correct for a free electron in an extremely strong field of ~1,000 gauss (since \(f = 2.80\) MHz/gauss × \(H\)).
• In normal materials and fields, the actual electron paramagnetic resonance frequency is in the microwave region only for fields of several thousand gauss — not something casually achieved in a tabletop device.

Sweet’s Conclusion About High-Power “Resonant Machines”

In the final section ( “Dealing with Resonance at High Power Levels" ), Sweet explains why simple series LC resonant circuits connected to real, varying loads (such as power grids) cannot maintain stable high-power resonance:

• Load impedance and power factor continually change.
• Reflected impedance detunes the LC circuit.
• Resonance is immediately lost and output collapses to near zero unless the driving frequency is continuously and perfectly adjusted — which he calls “a most challenging task.”

He recommends abandoning discrete capacitors, using the distributed capacitance of the coil itself, and doing any serious development at 60 Hz rather than high frequencies.

Summary – What Floyd Sweet Says Magnetic Resonance Actually Is

In this document, Floyd Sweet uses “Magnetic Resonance” in its correct, textbook physics meaning:

Magnetic Resonance is the resonant absorption and re-emission of electromagnetic energy by the magnetic moments of electrons (ESR/EPR) or atomic nuclei (NMR) when they precess in a static magnetic field and are irradiated at their exact Larmor frequency.

He is not describing it as a source of free or over-unity energy. In fact, he uses accepted physics to explain why the high-power, self-sustaining “magnetic resonance generators” being discussed in the free-energy community (including those citing 2.80 GHz) are physically problematic and will not stay in resonance under real-world loading.

And the same with Don Smiths Document: "Resonant Energy Systems" into AI, and ask for the Definition of Magnetic Resonance, you will get:

According to Donald L. Smith’s document Resonant Energy Systems (the 96-page PDF commonly circulated under that title), Magnetic Resonance is the central operating principle behind all of his claimed over-unity energy devices. Below is a precise, detailed explanation of what Don Smith means by “Magnetic Resonance,” using only concepts and phrasing that appear explicitly or are directly implied in the document itself.

Core Definition of Magnetic Resonance in the Document

Magnetic Resonance, in Don Smith’s system, is the deliberate matching of the natural resonant frequency of a primary coil/circuit with the natural resonant frequency of a secondary coil/circuit so that ambient magnetic/electromagnetic energy (which he claims is freely available everywhere) is captured, amplified, and converted into usable electrical power without depleting the source.

He repeatedly states (especially pages 14–18, 27–32, 44–48, and in his handwritten notes):

• “Energy at resonance is free and unlimited.”
• “Magnetic waves have no cost, they are ambient and infinite.”
• “Resonance allows the capture of energy which is normally wasted and radiated back into space.”

Key Characteristics of Magnetic Resonance According to Don Smith

1. Voltage × Amperage = Power, but at resonance they are separated and independently controllable
   Smith’s most frequently repeated claim:
   “In resonant systems, voltage and current (amperage) are 90° out of phase. This allows you to increase voltage in one circuit and harvest amperage in another without loading the source.”
   (See especially the “Bird on a Wire” analogy on pages 27–28 and the capacitor plate diagrams.)
2. Two separate resonant LC circuits are required
   • A primary LC circuit (usually a high-voltage, low-current coil + capacitor) is driven at its exact natural resonant frequency (often 35.1 kHz in his devices or multiples of 60 Hz).
   • A secondary LC circuit (usually lower voltage, high current) is tuned to the exact same frequency.
   • When both circuits resonate at the same frequency, magnetic flux from the primary induces massive electron movement in the secondary without reactive power returning to the source.
3. The role of the Earth and/or capacitor plates as an energy collector
   Smith claims the Earth itself and large metal plates act as one half of a giant dipole. The magnetic component of ambient electromagnetic waves passes freely through capacitor plates or the Earth without resistance. By placing capacitor plates at right angles to the magnetic flux (or grounding one side of the system), electrons are “pumped” or “spun” into motion, creating usable current.
4. λ/4 (quarter-wave) resonance is critical
   Almost every device in the document uses coils or dipoles that are exactly 1/4 wavelength long at the operating frequency.
   Example: “Coil length = ¼ wavelength of the resonant frequency” (repeated on pages 15, 30, 45, 62, etc.).
   This creates a standing wave with maximum voltage at one end and maximum current at the other.
   In MathJax: \(\lambda/4\) (quarter-wave)
5. Magnets (especially neodymium) are used to “bias” or “focus” the resonance
   Permanent magnets placed near or inside coils are said to align electron spin and increase energy capture. Smith claims this is analogous to doping a semiconductor.
6. Energy multiplication occurs because of “electron spin resonance” and “ion resonance”
   Smith uses these terms frequently (pages 17, 31, 47, 68). He asserts that when electrons and ions are resonantly excited, each electron can produce many “daughter” electrons through avalanche or cascade effects, leading to apparent over-unity output.
7. No violation of conservation of energy
   Smith insists he is not creating energy, but converting ambient, normally wasted magnetic/electromagnetic energy that already exists in the environment (from the Earth’s magnetic field, cosmic rays, Schumann resonances, etc.).

Most concise direct quotes from the document that define Magnetic Resonance:

• “Resonance = Energy magnification with no additional input required.”
• “At resonance, energy arrives as voltage in one place and departs as amperage in another.”
• “Magnetic resonance is the pumping of electrons using ambient magnetic waves which cost nothing.”
• “When two or more objects resonate at the same frequency, energy transfer becomes infinite in potential.”

Summary in Don Smith’s Own Words (paraphrased from multiple pages)

“Magnetic resonance is the matching of frequencies between two or more coils or circuits so that free ambient magnetic energy is captured in the primary, spun into massive electron movement, and harvested as usable power in the secondary — with the source never being depleted because voltage and current are separated by 90° and no power is reflected back.”

That is exactly what the document claims Magnetic Resonance is.

We have a Thread: The 2.8 GHz Quantum-Classical Resonance Bridge, that is trying to link 2.8GHz and Antenna Theory, which is also a topic others have also linked before me:

I believe the reference you're recalling is to Ruslan Kulabuhov's "BTG generator" (a claimed overunity device inspired by Tariel Kapanadze's designs). This isn't tied to Russian military Battalion Tactical Groups (the conventional meaning of BTG), but rather to experimental electronics where frequencies like 2.8 GHz play a role in Tesla coil or plasma-based power generation setups.

Let me break down the details from Russian forums and related sources (e.g., aboveunity.com, which aggregates VK.com and YouTube discussions from Russian experimenters, and cross-referenced with Russian posts on Rutracker and electronics subforums like cxem.net). These communities often dissect Kulabuhov's videos and schematics, debating replication attempts.

Background on Ruslan's BTG

• What is it? Ruslan Kulabuhov (YouTube handle ~"TOP RUSLAN") is a Russian inventor known for building "Black Box" or "BTG" (sometimes called "Bedini-Tesla Generator" or just "Kapanadze-style BTG") devices. These are compact, claimed self-running generators producing 40W to 3kW output from minimal input, using high-voltage Tesla coils, neon transformers, and plasma/grounding arcs. Videos from 2018–2023 show demos with scopes measuring ~200V/10A output. Skeptics call it measurement error or hidden power; enthusiasts insist it's real overunity.
• Connection to Russian forums: Discussions exploded on Russian sites like aboveunity.com (English/Russian mix), VK groups (e.g., "Бесплатная энергия" or free energy circles), and Rutracker torrents sharing his files. A 2020 thread titled "Ruslan's BTG 2kWt" has 100+ replies debating authenticity, with users like "alohalaoha" (Russian-English bilingual) translating audio from his videos.

The 2.8 GHz Link and Wire Length

Russian forum users (e.g., in aboveunity and cxem.net threads from 2020–2022) analyzed Ruslan's setups via spectrum analyzers and oscilloscopes from his videos. The key claim:

• Frequency role: 2.8 GHz (precisely ~2.75–2.85 GHz in some replications) is the operating frequency of the device's "nanosecond pulse generator" or electronic Tesla coil driver. This creates ultra-short high-voltage pulses (10–50 ns duration) to excite the plasma arc or ground terminal, allegedly enabling energy extraction from the environment (e.g., radiant energy or zero-point claims). It's not the main power frequency (which is ~50/60 Hz) but a microwave-range control signal for efficiency.
  • Why 2.8 GHz? Forum consensus: It's tuned to the dielectric resonance of the wire/coil materials (copper or alloy) and the "earth ground" as a counterpoise. Users cite it matches common WiFi/ISM band edges but is fine-tuned for minimal input power (~5–10W) to sustain the arc.
• Wire length specifics: The "magic" element is the length of the grounding wire or antenna-like extension from the BTG's output coil to a ground stake. Russian experimenters measured and calculated:
  • Quarter-wave length: For 2.8 GHz (wavelength λ = c/f = 3×10^8 m/s / 2.8×10^9 Hz ≈ 0.107 m or 10.7 cm), a quarter-wave is ~2.675 cm (1.05 inches). This is the optimal length for the wire acting as a monopole antenna or harmonic resonator, maximizing energy transfer to ground without reflection losses.
    • Calculation: λ/4 = (300 / 2800) / 4 ≈ 0.02675 m (accounting for velocity factor ~0.95 in wire, it's ~2.54 cm).
  • In Ruslan's 2kW demo (YouTube: "Ruslan BTG 20 September 2020"), the wire is visibly ~2.5–3 cm, soldered to the coil end and spiked into soil. Forum users replicated it with 24–26 AWG enameled copper wire, reporting "resonance lock" at that length—scope shows clean sine-like output without distortion.
  • Longer wires (e.g., 10–15 cm, half-wave) were tested but caused detuning; shorter ones (<2 cm) led to arcing failures. One VK post (translated): "Ruslan's secret is the 2.8 GHz pulse syncing exactly to quarter-wave ground wire—changes it by 1 mm, and output drops 50%."

Evidence from Forums

• Aboveunity.com thread (2020–2023): 50+ pages on "Ruslan's negenerW BTG." Users share photos of disassembled units, with spectrum plots peaking at 2.8 GHz. A dispute section references Sergei Panov (another inventor) critiquing Ruslan's wire tuning as "too empirical—calculate λ/4 properly."
• Cxem.net (Russian electronics forum): 2019–2021 threads on "Генератор Русlana BTG" discuss wire as a "virtual antenna" for RF grounding. One user: "2.8 GHz дает резонанс на длине 27 мм, как у Ruslan—проверил на наноимпульснике."
• Skepticism: Not all agree—some call it RF noise artifact, not true overunity. No peer-reviewed confirmation, and Ruslan sold prototypes (e.g., 40W unit to "Americans" per 2022 leak).

If this isn't the exact topic you meant (e.g., if "Ruslan's BTG" refers to a military callsign or something else), jog my memory with more context! Otherwise, if you're building/replicating, start with a signal generator at 2.8 GHz and trim that wire iteratively—safety first, high voltage kills. What aspect intrigues you most?

Note: If you go through Ruslan's Videos, turn on Close Captions and translate if needed. Take note of the wire lengths and the Frequencies mentioned. Check for yourself, but you will find, a great deal of the Frequencies and Lengths are related to the 2.8GHz Frequency as a Sub-Harmonic of n of λ.

Lets move forward with a open mind and know what we have already achieved, its just the start! Note the link reference already!

Best Wishes,

   Chris