How a Transformer really works!

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Chris posted this 21 June 2022

My Friends,

This thread stems from this post here.

This thread covers a topic that has seen a lot of controversy for a long time! Even many Experienced Electrical Engineers do not know the true function of an Electrical Transformer!

The Conventional Electrical Transformer works entirely on the principle of Faradays Law of Electromagnetic Induction, a topic I have covered in great detail for many years! I have many hundreds of hours of videos on Electromagnetic Induction!

Some introductory videos:

 

Some of the best Technical Videos on how a Transformer works, I have found are:

 

I recommend an in depth study of the videos above! This Channel is a very good resource for all EE Related material!

I said in the above referenced post:

Truly, 99% of videos online fall short of explaining How a Transformer works Correctly!

Voltage "Generated" is Sine Opposite, 180 Degrees, and therefore Current I through Turns N, or MMF will also be Sine Opposite.

Two Opposing Magnetic Fields, the Input being slightly greater than the Output, due to Losses, but, the total Transformation is between 85 and 95% Efficient!

 

Typically M.M.F, Magnetomotive Force does not include a Direction, it is a Scalar Quantity when normally referenced, containing a Magnitude. M.M.F should be thought of as a Vector Quantity, having both Magnitude and a Direction. Again, Magnetomotive Force is the same as Ampere Turns NI, or Magnetic Field Strength, or Intensity H · lc. So, M.M.F is a Force, its the same analogy as Water flowing through a Pipe with Flow of X, a Volumetric Quantity, that has Displacement.

Important: Every Current Flow I, through Turns N, is a M.M.F! Remember: NI = M.M.F! Every Current Flow, no matter what Coil you are observing! Primary, Secondary or what ever Coil! Every Coil has an M.M.F if Current I Flows! This is Ignored entirely in ALL Transformer Theory!

In the above Video:

 

Here you can see, only One Flux Φ is Drawn, indicating only One M.M.F, but this is Not Accurate! It is true, the Secondary has a Flux Φ which Opposes the Primary! Because this Diagram is accurately Drawn, but the secondary has no load drawn, but Current is shown in the Secondary, the Secondary has its own M.M.F! You can use the Right Hand Grip Rule to show what Direction the Flux Φ will be:

 

Applying the Right Hand Grip Rule to the above Transformer Image, the Magnetic Field from each Coil can be seen, where each Coil has a North Pole at the top of the Transformer, each Opposing Each Other!

I think it is important to note, the Opposition of the Secondary is Cycle Specific of the Primary, what do I mean:

  1. Primary North Pole N, increasing in Time t, Secondary North Pole N, increases in Time t, opposing the Action!
  2. Primary North Pole N, decreasing in Time t, Secondary South Pole S, increases in Time t, opposing the Action!

 

This image shows the Actions:

 

Heinrich Friedrich Emil Lenz, formulated Lenz's Law to predict the Negative Voltage! Lenz's Law is an addition to Faradays Law: 

E.M.F = - δΦB / δt

 

Where:

  1. E.M.F = Electromotive Force measured in Units of Volts.
  2. -, The Negative Sign = Lenz's Law, which is Sine Opposite to the Source.
  3. δΦB = The total change in Magnetic Flux Density B in units of Gauss or Tesla, depending on the system one is using.
  4. δt = The total Time of the Change in Flux δΦB in Seconds.

 

This is called the Flux Linking Law and refers to The Magnetic A Vector Potential which is covered in Feynman's Lectures:

 

Lenz's Law does NOT predict Direction of Current! The Direction of Current is assumed:

  • Conventional Current flows from Positive to Negative! This is shown in the above Image!
  • Actual Current flows from Negative to Positive. Science made a mistake several decades ago and had to fix this mistake called Conventional Current.

 

Transformer Efficiencies can be very high! It is not uncommon to see between 85 to 95% or more in some cases! Some very big Transformers can be 99% Efficient!

Here is a good benchmark done by Bill Alek:

 

The Benchmark is seen between: 0 Seconds to 9 Minutes or so.

NOTE: The Conventional Transformer is always below Unity: Output = Input - Losses! This is due to Symmetry! Symmetry of: MMF, Coils, Magnetic Fields, Currents and so on!

At no time are Charges transferred from the Primary to the Secondary Coils! The Electrically Insulated Coils are entirely Galvanically Isolated! Electric Charge can not pass between the Galvanically Isolated Boundary! So where does the Secondary Charge come from? Source is the Atom! Copper having 29 Electrons per Atom!

 

Lets not forget, One Ampere is equal to 6.241509074 × 1018 Elementary Charges, or One Coulomb per Second! One Volt is the Charge Potential of 6.241509074 × 1018 Elementary Charges, or One Coulomb. Thus, One Watt is One Volt x One Amp, a Volumetric Flow! Definitions are from the SI Units.

 

Electromagnetic Induction does not need to be Symmetrical, it can be Asymmetrical!

Symmetry means: Equal and Opposite minus Losses - Always Below Unity!

Some statements are the most important and should be learnt from! That's why I decided to learn everything I could about Transformers!

In Tom Bearden's book:

Sweet was also a transformer designer and expert, and he remarked that he had also observed specialized self-oscillation in certain transformers.

Ref: Energy From The Vacuum by Tom Bearden

 

Ref: Energy From the Vacuum - Part 9 - The Early Years Moray, Sweet and Anti-Gravity - Tom Bearden.

Because of Copyright Removal: Snippet used for Educational Purposes under Fair Use!

NOTE: Magnet Conditioning is a CIA Spoof HOAX!

 

 

On rare occasions, Sweet saw this effect, called self-oscillation, occur in electric transformers

Ref: Jeane Manning: A New Physics for a New Energy Source / Free Energy - Making the Impossible Possible

 

Very simple, Self Oscillation, referenced above, comes from Asymmetrical Electromagnetic Induction and not from anything else!

Experiment is the best way to Learn! Reading from a Textbook is only half the journey! Those that do not Experiment can never know the truth! Its true Many Do Not! Experiment can easily show that what I have laid out here is true and correct, one of many videos that shows this is:

 

The very flow of Current in the Secondary Coil, creates a Tertiary E.M.F which is seen on the scope, in the Same Direction as the Primary Current! The Tertiary Assists the Primary! This very Simple and very easily provable fact I have been showing since before 2011!

 

Shown in this Video, the Input Coil Impedance Z Increases, from Z = 5.94 Ohms, to: Z = 18.08 Ohms, opposite to Transformer Theory!

This proven fact shows the currently accepted Electromagnetic Principles of Symmetry are an Incomplete Science! Electromagnetic Induction must accept Asymmetry as there is an Entirely Wasted Force, of the Secondary M.M.F, which is entirely Ignored and has been for almost 200 Years now!

Electromagnetic Induction is Incomplete and we here at aboveunity.com are completing the incomplete Science!

We have many, very simple, very cheap, experiments showing exactly this, many independent replications:

 

There is a close relationship to the Magnetic Field and Energy / Time that is Pumped from Source. Coils are specific, and better results can be obtained when more Magnetic Field is obtained.

We have a Guide for all to use: Builders Guide to Aboveunity Machines

Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic

Ref: Arthur C. Clarke

 

Anyone can do this! Everyone that has a mind that is willing to learn, and make advances beyond the very narrow boundaries that are naively accepted!

Best Wishes,

   Chris

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Melendor posted this 22 June 2022

Hello Chris and friends.
I hope this thread is public for all the member to " build " on it.

I made a basic transformer design ,
Hope that I got it right .


baisc transformerThe operation is as follows :

2 Coils are wound the same direction , CW .
Because the coils , have the same winding direction , the polarity of the coils is the same + and - , with the condition , that there is no load on the secondary.
When we have on L1 a changing magnetic field , and we place a load on L2 , a CURRENT will be induced in L2 , in such a way that it will oppose to the Current from L1.

As the picture above shows , V+ is no longer on the coils in the same place (left side ) , but it changes  on L2 , so that we have Voltage V and Current I , in phase to oppose the primary.
Symmetrical Transformer !

The gate resistor 1k , is there to discharge the capacitor from the gate of the Mosfet.
When the mosfet is Off , no charge must flow any more from the capacitor/ Mosfet.

If you have other configuration on the OFF time , or something else , please feel free to post.
Thank you.

~~~Melendor the wizard

Chris posted this 22 June 2022

Hello Melendor,

Yes happy for Members to join in and share their experiences!

In my opinion, any simulation like this should be backed up by the same experiment. This way one can learn from the Experiment and the Simulation and see any differences, which can happen. Simulation is not always accurate, of course we have shown many times that what Theory states is not what always occurs!

Moving a Magnet in proximity to a Coil is not the same as a Sinusoidal or DC Pulsed Coil, Magnetising the Core. For any Core with a Magnetic Field of X, must fall back to its point of Equilibrium. What we might think of as a Zero Magnetic Field.

In this situation, after TOff on the Mosfet, the Voltage Polarity on the Input Coil does change, however, the direction of "Conventional" Current does not, indicating the Voltage is Induced, and not Supplied, due to the collapse of the Magnetic Field. Here we have Magnetic Fields that oppose the entire Cycle, like we see in the Neo Magnet and Copper Tube:

 

We need to observe:

  • The Change of Magnetic Field "Generates" a Voltage.
  • The Opposition of Magnetic Fields Pumps Current. Opposing M.M.F's!

 

Small Experiments can very easily show this!

Best Wishes,

   Chris

Jagau posted this 22 June 2022

This thread has already been explained

https://www.aboveunity.com/thread/transformer-phasing-the-dot-notation/

 

jagau

Chris posted this 22 June 2022

Hey Jagau,

I agree, for more experienced Members that Thread explains everything. I think this Thread is more of a beginners guide, explaining a bit more from a beginners angle.

Thank You for linking the Thread, I was thinking about doing that! You read my mind!

 

Re-reading the Thread, I see my wording in that Thread is not very good! I tried to point out the Dot Notation but in doing so, have made what I see now as confusing statements!

I apologise for this everyone!

Conventional Electromagnetic Induction is always Equal and Opposite minus Losses!

 

This is Fact and cant be disputed!

Best Wishes,

   Chris

Chris posted this 02 July 2022

My Friends,

Conventional Electromagnetic Induction and Asymmetrical Electromagnetic Induction do not hold the same Boundary Conditions, meaning Asymmetrical Electromagnetic Induction is NOT Equal and Opposite minus Losses! The Boundary Conditions are different!

Asymmetrical Electromagnetic Induction is NOT in standard use today!

Conventional Electromagnetic Induction is, and is how the Conventional Transformer works:

 

In the above Videos, you will hear the statement made, one only needs Faradays Law and Amperes Law to understand Transformers!

In this video, you hear the statement: "Floyd Sweet was a Transformer Expert"

Ref: Energy From the Vacuum - Part 9 - The Early Years Moray, Sweet and Anti-Gravity - Tom Bearden.

Because of Copyright Removal: Snippet used for Educational Purposes under Fair Use!

NOTE: Magnet Conditioning is a CIA Spoof HOAX!

 

Remember what Floyd Sweet said:

Why the field of a magnet is not the property of the magnet: First the electromagnet – it takes power from a source to initiate and bring to steady state the field of the magnet. Once the field is stabilised and the exciting current is no longer changing, no further power is needed from the source. The only power required is that needed to support the I2R losses due to the ohmic resistance of the conductor comprising the coil of the magnet. This loss appears as heat.

Now we have a magnetic field, a potential source of energy in existence without support of the source of power to the coil. True, the moving charges through the copper conductor are accompanied by a magnetic field, also true this field requires no power from the source. As stated, the only power is that supporting the I2R  losses. Then the field due to the moving charges is not a property of the current drawn from the source but a property of incoherent energy quanta in the surrounding space interacting coherently with fields produced by moving charges on the electrons in motion through the coil.

Ref: The Space-Flux Coupled Alternator

Do you see a pattern forming here?

So Floyd Sweet did not believe Energy was Transferred from Primary Coil to Secondary Coil!

Best Wishes,

   Chris

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Melendor posted this 03 July 2022

Hello friends !!!

This is Gold  ( as everything on our forum ) :

Do you see a pattern forming here?

So Floyd Sweet did not believe Energy was Transferred from Primary Coil to Secondary Coil!

Best Wishes,

   Chris

Yes Yes I see it , we see it !

If the change in Current on the primary , creates a situation , where current is PUMPED on secondaries of a Transformer ,

does that mean , that the 100 A / H  from a small home , do not come from the power company ?

If we take a Farm with lots of devices , and they use 500 A / H , where does the A come from ?

If my transformer that I payed for , creates the AMP , why does the Power company peel so many $ from us every month ?

Friends , in the picture below , Gerard Morin ( RIP 2020 ) shows how thin are the INPUT wires of the main transformer that powers his place , and the hole for the OUTPUT cable , is so big , you can get out power for the whole street.

Asymmetrical transformer is the Answer !
What Chris has been showing us since 2015 !

Stay safe everybody.
~~~Melendor the Wizard

 

Power Company Scam

Chris posted this 03 July 2022

Hey Melendor,

When you said:

If the change in Current on the primary , creates a situation , where current is PUMPED on secondaries of a Transformer

 

This is not quite accurate. What really occurs is:

  1. A Change in Current on the Primary Creates a Voltage on the Secondary.
  2. The Opposition of Currents, Bucking Magnetic Fields, Pumps Current.

 

I have shown this in my Series: Chris Non-Inductive Coil Experiment, its seen and explained and shown on the scope.

Yes you are right! Science essentially wants everyone to believe that a Magnetic Field of the Primary, "Creates" Electrons, in the Secondary, and Accelerates them at a Defined Quantity and at a Specific Rate as defined by the definitions of Voltage Current and the Coulomb!

A Truly Ridiculous, Horrendous assumption to make on such a simple subject! That's what they are saying when they say Energy is Transferred from Primary to Secondary! 

 

Remember A Change in Current "Generates" a Voltage:

 

The Opposition of Currents, or MMF's Pumps a Current, that's why this can occur:

 

So, simply disconnecting the Output, stops the machine, this is exactly the same with the Tarriel Kapanadze KapaGen! Same principle applies! Both also only need be started by a 9volt battery!

Best Wishes,

   Chris

SonOfLuck posted this 04 July 2022

Hi Chris

Is this what you mean when you say pumping the current?

pumping the current

Best Regards,

   SonOfLuck

thaelin posted this 04 July 2022

  Considering that is a sim and not reality, your 1H will be treated as a perfect coil. It will ignore the losses in the system. I did this with an online sim. fun.....

Chris posted this 04 July 2022

My Friends,

Thaelin is correct, sim is a poorly approach to an experiment that can yield so much more!

You might have the basic Asymmetrical Waveform there SonOfLuck but not the Effects required to learn more from.

My Last post was very specific and very clear! I see this as a pointless distraction away from the Main Topic! Was that post really needed? Are you here taking this seriously or here to distract others?

I do not like Trolls! I have very little patience for Troll Behavior! I hope you're Not!

Assuming, for the moment you're serious, you need: 2 B x V and not one, which has been pointed out here on this forum many times. So no, your approach will not work, its a Symmetrical, Yin Yang System, which will always be: Equal and Opposite minus Losses!

Little disappointed,

   Chris

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SonOfLuck posted this 04 July 2022

OK. I know that it's a simulator. The question is about the waveform. I just included the circuit for some minimal context. The true  question behind my original question is: Do we want that kind of staircasing(yellow trace) up to happen or not? And I'm not a Troll, I'm definitely a noob at electrical engineering or physics world. I just want to learn, It's kind of hard if I can't take a noob question without being called out for being a troll. Also I thought this thread is created for beginners. 

Sorry, if I distracted anybody.

Chris posted this 04 July 2022

Hello SonOfLuck and all Readers,

And I'm not a Troll...

 

Good, Thank You for clearing that up! I have had to deal with SO MANY Trolls, so as soon as I see that Trigger, I automatically think Trouble!

I just want to learn...

 

Most threads here on this forum are here to help! We are happy to answer Questions, but we do not allow for the Trolls to come in and ruin it like they do all the time else where, we try to stop them asap here!

Your Questions:

The true  question behind my original question is: Do we want that kind of staircasing(yellow trace) up to happen or not?

 

We want that sort of Waveform, Yes!

However, the Waveform alone is not enough to say you have achieved the Goal! Again, pointed out above, one needs to focus on the Asymmetry of Electromagnetic Induction. This means you need to achieve: 2 B x V, or Electromagnetic Induction Twice in the one System and not Once! This is where one can "Generate" excess: V x I cos(Theta) * Time, or Energy. A Symmetrical System just will never be Above Unity! Symmetrical Electromagnetic Induction is always: Equal and Opposite minus Losses, or Below Unity!

Please Forgive me, I spend many thousands of Hours trying to help others, and the trouble I have had to deal with from other people, the Trolls, is just astonishing, take a read here: overunity.com, to see the massive amount of trouble I have faced!

Honestly, I have dealt with so much trouble! I expect to see it every day somewhere! The Cost employing Trolls to TRY to stop me must be in the millions now! All resulting in Failure, which is what they excel at!

EDIT:

I have been doing this publicly since 2015, I am in my Seventh Year now doing this, answering many thousands of questions and helping many thousands of people, taking the time to put in infrastructure and amenities to assist with this mammoth effort to get, what was, a Mystical and Magical, Folk Tale, field, taken seriously and into mainstream Science, even if we have to force Science's hand, which we are! After all, who wants to be last to the party, on such a simple subject! 

NOTE: When the Ten Year Period is up, I am taking a break, if Humanity has not adopted this Technology, it never will! I realize at that point I will have failed, and there is nothing more I can do! The Climax is coming! The Armageddon of Energy is about to occur, and there will be some that refuse to Evolve!

Best Wishes,

   Chris

Chris posted this 06 July 2022

My Friends,

Above I stated:

Science essentially wants everyone to believe that a Magnetic Field of the Primary, "Creates" Electrons, in the Secondary, and Accelerates them at a Defined Quantity and at a Specific Rate as defined by the definitions of Voltage Current and the Coulomb!

A Truly Ridiculous, Horrendous assumption to make on such a simple subject! That's what they are saying when they say Energy is Transferred from Primary to Secondary! 

 

Its true, Science has expected you to believe in the Creation, and Acceleration of Elementary Charges, from the Primary Magnetic Field to the Secondary Coil, in some amazing Alchemical Vo Doo Science Magic!

 

Truly a Ridiculous Arrogance from the institution that will then turn around and tell you, Energy can not ever be Created nor Destroyed, and, there is no such thing as Perpetual Motion!

Lets not forget the defined Quantities:

  1. One Volt =  6.241509074 e × 1018 Elementary Charges, or Electrons.
  2. One Ampere = 6.241509074 e × 1018 Elementary Charges, or Electrons past point P1 in One Second.
  3. One Coulomb  = 6.241509074 e × 1018 Elementary Charges.

 

A contradiction of the Utmost Arrogance!

Note: Charge Polarity for the Coulomb needs to be mentioned here:

The same number of electrons has the same magnitude but opposite sign of charge, that is, a charge of −1 C.

 

The Coulomb is considered Positive Charge, another Contradiction in Science, when there can only be Charge Potential Difference in Coil theory, and Positive and also Negative Charge in Capacitor Theory! 

Truly, the real situation is, the Magnetic Field, Separates and Accelerates Charges, already existing, in the Insulated Coiled Copper Conductor!

 

The Copper Atom:

 

Chemistry has defined the Copper Atom as consisting of:

  • 29 Electrons, containing Charge, Mass and Spin.
  • 29 Protons, containing Charge, Mass and Spin.
  • 35 Neutrons, not containing any Charge, Mass or Spin.

 

The US Military, has known, and declassified, this very simple fact for almost 70 Years:

 

Again, you can very easily verify:

  1. A Change in Current on the Primary Creates a Voltage on the Secondary.
  2. The Opposition of Currents, Bucking Magnetic Fields, Pumps Current.

 

I have shown you in my series: Chris's Non-Inductive Coil Experiment, on the bench and on the scope, this very simple fact!

 

In Video Seven, I gave you the Asymmetrical Electromagnetic Induction Example, a basic demonstration:

 

Many have verified this experiment, following the advice, they have been able to achieve great gains!

 

We have had many Successes:

 

The Trolls cant even get close! What a coincidence!

Best Wishes,

   Chris

Chris posted this 07 July 2022

My Friends,

The question:

Why is it, that when one loads the Secondary Coil of a Transformer, the Primary Coil Current Increases?

 

The answer is very simple, yet it is never explained anywhere! Ever!

The Answer is: Impedance Z, which should be obvious to most!

In the thread: Reduced Impedance Effect, we see that a Bucking Coil has much less Impedance than a Coil that does not Buck! Even if the same length of the Coil is used, the remaining DC Resistance is still present, but the AC Resistance, known as Impedance Z, disappears! So how does this work? Well, to start with, its important to see the Self Inductance of a Coil as the root cause of the Impedance Effect:

Ref: eeweb.com - Inductive Reactance

 

So, the E.M.F that is "Generated", in reverse, in the Turns of the Coil, is the AC Resistance, and in combination with DC Resistance, is the Impedance Z, is why the the Coil Changes its Current Flow, as Ohms Law states: I = V / R, if resistance Changes, and the Voltage stays the same, the Current then must change! Here is an example:

  1. Ohms Law: I = V / R = 1 Amp = 1 Volt / 1 Ohm.
  2. Ohms Law: I = V / R = 10 Amps = 1 Volt /  0.1 Ohm. 

 

So, the Magnetic Field, or the Interactions of the same, between each coil, act in the same way, as as Self-Inductance, where the Magnetic Field can reduce, or increase the Impedance of the Coil involved. As the Magnetic Field is Load Dependent, one can very easily prove, as the Magnetic Field Changes, the effects of Impedance also Change, one follows the other!

Important: Impedance can be made to go Down as described, but can also be made to go Up, its simply a configuration problem! We have solved both!

A Very simple explanation to a very complex problem, at least initially.

Best Wishes,

   Chris

Chris posted this 30 September 2023

My Friends,

Lets break the Transformer down to a Logical, easy to understand device!

Imagine for a minute, our Secondary Coil, turns of N, and Load of Ω which in is self is a Sub Circuit of the whole. The Secondary Coil must have a Voltage of 12.3 Volts to run the Load, of 21 Ohms, and via Ohms Law we can Calculate the Current: I = V / R or 12.3 / 21 = 0.58 Amps, so a Wire Gauge of AWG23, should be sufficient, you can look this up here: AWG Chart.

We now have a bit of an idea what the secondary will look like after a few simple Data Points have been collected.

How will it operate?

Every Coil Conductor that Carry's a Current will always have an associated Magnetic Field, ALWAYS, there is no getting around this!

So a Secondary Coil with Turns N, and a Current of 0.58 Amps will have a Magnetic Field associated with it, if we knew the Turns N, we could get an idea on the Magnetic Field!

We can work out the Turns N, because we know the Primary Turns:

 

Primary Turns N = 600 Turns.

Using the formula: Vs / Vp = Ns / Np and rearranging, we get: 12.3 / 240.0 = 0.05125 * 600 = 30.75 Turns on the Secondary.

Remember: Floyd Sweet was a Transformer Expert, so I think it is only fair that we need to get familiarized to the best of our ability also!

Now we know the turns, the Coil Length and the Current, we can calculate the Secondary Magnetic Field: 4482.42 Gauss Using Amperes Law: 𝐵 = 𝜇 𝑁 𝐼 𝐿

Our Secondary Coil, will have an opposing Magnetic Field, of 4482.42 Gauss, now remember, this Magnetic Field is always Equal and Opposite minus Losses!

This Force is a Pressure! 

It takes Pressure to get the Secondary Coil up to 12.3 Volts @ 0.58Amps, we are essentially Pumping the Charge, Accelerating it down the Wire! The Primary Coil is doing Work to get the Secondary Coil to perform this action!

You can observe this Force, in the following Video:

 

This Change in Nature's Natural Velocity, by the use of Magnetic Fields, Slowing, or Restricting Motion, is a Lenz's Law Effect and is always present. 

We can use Force to Offset Force!

Best Wishes,

   Chris

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In physics, scalars are physical quantities that are unaffected by changes to a vector space basis. Scalars are often accompanied by units of measurement, as in "10 cm". Examples of scalar quantities are mass, distance, charge, volume, time, speed, and the magnitude of physical vectors in general.

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The pressure P in the formula P = pgh, pgh is a scalar that tells you the amount of this squashing force per unit area in a fluid.

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The great Nikola Tesla:

Ere many generations pass, our machinery will be driven by a power obtainable at any point of the universe. This idea is not novel. Men have been led to it long ago by instinct or reason. It has been expressed in many ways, and in many places, in the history of old and new. We find it in the delightful myth of Antheus, who drives power from the earth; we find it among the subtle speculations of one of your splendid mathematicians, and in many hints and statements of thinkers of the present time. Throughout space there is energy. Is this energy static or kinetic? If static, our hopes are in vain; if kinetic - and this we know it is for certain - then it is a mere question of time when men will succeed in attaching their machinery to the very wheelwork of nature.

Experiments With Alternate Currents Of High Potential And High Frequency (February 1892).

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